Doing gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Doing gender - Essay Example We understand in this it is not so much an achievement. Also gender can be achieved only till the very early years after which it becomes static and unchangeable. The second term ‘constructed’ is perhaps of most importance to both anthropologists and social scientists who constantly lay bare the various apparatus working within a societal unit, be it a family, a state or a community which defines behaviour codes pertinent to a certain gender and anomalous to another. In this paper we shall take up the character of Monica Geller from the sitcom that gave television a trailblazer Friends and see how gender is constructed everyday through actions, through pre-conceived notions and through popular belief. The T.V show Friends had been on air from September 22, 1994 to May 6, 2004. During the course of which we saw the development and bonding of six friends Chandler Bing, Rachel Green, Phoebe Buffay, Monica Geller, Ross Geller and Joey Tribbiani. For a better understanding of the issue we shall deal in it becomes imperative to discuss in a nutshell the kind of relationship that the six friends share. Monica Geller and Ross Geller are siblings, Monica being the younger, Rachel is her high school friend who was dated by many guys unlike her. Ross too had a crush on Rachel in those days. Ross and Chandler are friends from college. Chandler who lives across the hall from Monica shares his apartment with an aspiring television actor Joey Tribbiani. Phoebe we learn later had been Monica’s roommate who had moved out but remained friends. From the very first episode Monica appears to be unlike her delicate form. Her personality exudes an aura of extreme strength. Her nature is extremely over powering and she’s used to getting her way in everything. She seems to be weather-beaten in that she knows the world more than her friend Rachel Green who in the pilot episode comes out as someone to whom the only way of not depending on the parents was by get ting married. This very idea accorded to Rachel is also gender specific. Even though we laugh at the momentary humour, it is in fact a gender construction that pretty women(or for that matter women in general) can spend their lives without having to earn their bread by depending on the patriarchy which primarily constitutes of the father and later the husband. That Rachel had been moulded into such an idea is also a form of interpellation by the society. That she finds nothing wrong with it her acceptance of her gender role as daughter and wife (in both cases dependant) is her way of accepting a concept of gender which is simply constructed. In contrast Monica who is said to be bossy and competitive is portrayed as a type which in the later seasons would verge on tomboyishness and trace back its roots to her obesity in her school years and the second-shot treatment she always received from her parents who would be too busy doting on their first born Ross. This preference of the male child over the female child is the most obvious kind of gender differentiation. But that Monica decides to fight back instead of accepting her place as the ‘second’

The Canterville Ghost Essay Example for Free

The Canterville Ghost Essay The story begins when Mr Otiss family shifted to Canterville Chase, despite warnings from Canterville that the house is haunted. Mr. Otis says he will take furniture as well as ghost at valuation. The Otis family includes Mr. and Mrs. Otis, their daughter Virginia, twin boys (often referred to as Stars and Stripes) and their eldest son Washington. At first, none of the members of the Otis family believes in ghosts, but shortly after they move in, none of them can deny the presence of Sir Simon (The Ghost). The family hears clanking chains, they witness re-appearing bloodstains on the floor just by the fireplace, which is removed every time it appears in various forms(colors). But, humorously, none of these scare the Otises in the least. In fact, upon hearing the clanking noises in the hallway, Mr. Otis promptly gets out of bed and pragmatically offers the ghost Tammany Rising Sun Lubricator to oil his chains. Despite Sir Simon’s attempts to appear in the most gruesome guises, the family refuses to be frightened, and Sir Simon feels increasingly helpless and humiliated. When Mrs. Otis notices a mysterious red mark on the floor, she simply replies that she does â€Å"not at all care for blood stains in the sitting room. † When Mrs. Umney, the housekeeper, informs Mrs. Otis that the blood stain is indeed evidence of the ghost and cannot be removed, Washington Otis, the oldest son, suggests that the stain will be removed with Pinkerton’s Champion Stain Remover and Paragon Detergent: A quick fix, like the Tammany Rising Sun Lubricator, and a practical way of dealing with the problem. Wilde describes Mrs. Otis as â€Å"a very handsome middle-aged woman† who has been â€Å"a celebrated New York belle. † Her expression of modern American culture surfaces when she immediately resorts to using the commercial stain remover to obliterate the bloodstains and when she expresses an interest in joining the Psychical Society to help her understand the ghost. Mrs. Otis is given Wildes highest praise when he says: Indeed, in many respects, she was quite English The most colourful character in the story is undoubtedly the ghost himself, Sir Simon, who goes about his duties with theatrical panache and flair. He assumes a series of dramatic roles in his failed attempts to impress and terrify the Otises, making it easy to imagine him as a comical character in a stage play. The ghost has the ability to change forms, so he taps into his repertoire of tricks. He takes the role of ghostly apparitions such as a Headless Earl, a Strangled Babe, the Blood-Sucker of Bexley Moor, Suicide’s  Skeleton, and the Corpse-Snatcher of Chertsey Barn, all having succeeded in horrifying previous castle residents over the centuries. But none of them works with these Americans. Sir Simon schemes, but even as his costumes become increasingly gruesome, his antics do nothing to scare his house guests, and the Otises succeed in failing him every time. He falls victim to trip wires, pea shooters, butter-slides, and falling buckets of water. In a particularly comical scene, he is frightened by the sight of a â€Å"ghost,† rigged up by the mischievous twins. During the course of the story, as narrated from Sir Simons viewpoint, we come to understand the complexity of the ghost’s emotions. We see him brave, frightening, distressed, scared, and finally, depressed and weak. He exposes his vulnerability during an encounter with Virginia, Mr. Otiss fifteen-year-old daughter. Virginia is different from everyone else in the family, and Sir Simon recognizes this fact. He tells her that he has not slept in three hundred years and wants desperately to do so. The ghost reveals to Virginia the tragic tale of his wife, Lady Eleanor de Canterville. Unlike the rest of her family, Virginia does not dismiss the ghost. She takes him seriously; she listens to him and learns an important lesson, as well as the true meaning behind a riddle. Sir Simon de Canterville says that she must weep for him for he has no tears, she must pray for him for he has no faith and then she must accompany him to the angel of death and beg for Deaths mercy upon Sir Simon. She does weep for him and pray for him, and she disappears with Sir Simon through the wainscoting and goes with him to the Garden of Death and bids the ghost farewell. Then she reappears at midnight, through a panel in the wall, carrying jewels and news that Sir Simon has passed on to the next world and no longer resides in the house. Virginia’s ability to accept Sir Simon leads to her enlightenment; Sir Simon, she tells her husband several years later, helped her understand â€Å"what Life is, what Death signifies, and why Love is stronger than both. †

The Slavery Effect In Todays Society

The Slavery Effect In Todays Society In the eighteenth century there were an estimated six million slaves in the world. That number, large as it was, does not come close to the number of slaves in todays society. The current worldwide estimates are over twenty-seven million. Every year seventeen thousand slaves are trafficked into the United States, of that number, eighty percent are women and fifty percent of those (seven thousand) are children. Seventy percent of the females are imported for prostitution. It is astonishing how even though slavery is not seen or heard of much in todays society it still exists heavily and quietly affects our everyday life. It is extremely sad, yet, regretfully true. The history of slavery dates back to 1780 B.C. though laws have been passed in most countries that prevent, or at least lessen, slavery, it still exists today. By definition, slavery means the complete ownership and control by a master: to be sold into slavery. Slavery indicates a state of subjugation or captivity often involving burdensome and degrading labor. Slavery occurs when people -known as slaves- were placed in servitude as the property of a household or company. Slaves are deprived of their personal freedom and compelled to perform labor or services. Slaves are the properties of another person, household, company, corporation, or government and are unable to leave or have any freedom. Primarily slaves were sold amongst companies, corporations, governments, or people. The practice of exporting slaves is called slave trafficking. Slavery is currently found in many countries all over the world. In other countries, though known by another name, it is still slavery. In Canada sl aves are called servants and in Nordic countries they are called thralls. In the year 1670 the first African slave was introduced to America. The slaves of that time period were treated poorly; most were beaten with whips for the slightest infraction. Most, were simply tired, hungry or thirsty; some just too old to do the work and were brutally beaten to death. Many slaves would die of illnesses like malaria or yellow fever because of their limited immunities to these diseases. Others died from malnutrition, poor living conditions, and exhaustion; there was a very high mortality rate among slaves. To this day slaves are still exploited all over the world even though we actually do not see it or hear about it. Although in most countries in todays society traditional slavery has been abolished, it still exists in some countries and much of the slavery that exists is done so illegally. Some of the countries that have abolished slavery are the United States, Africa, many European countries, and China. Though abolished, it still exists, just using a different title. The highest percentage of slavery that is seen in todays age is child labor. Many countries have enacted child labor laws, protecting the rights of children. Typically children are not allowed to work until they reach the age of fourteen. There are children as young as four working on plantations. Most child labor laws state that only children over the age of fourteen can work between the hours of seven in the morning until nine at night and no more than forty hours per week or eight hours in one day excluding school da ys in which they can work after school until 8:00 PM. Children, prior to the age of 18 must get a work permit filled out by their school before they are allowed to work; these children must maintain at least a 2.0 grade point average in order to continue their employment. In many countries this is not the case and the childrens primary duty is work. These children do not have the chance of an education. Child labor is not the only form of slavery still in existence. Some companies maintain a policy of only enslaving adults, while others only employ children. Many children who are put into slavery end up working in clothing manufacturing plants also known as sweatshops. A sweatshop is a factory where workers make products in very poor working conditions. Child labor is also abused in harvesting cotton, fruits, and vegetables. Many slaves also work in sugar cane and coffee factories. The selling of females, as disgusting as this may sound, is still a common practice in some countries. Young women are often sold by their families for marriage, domestic uses, like cleaning and cooking, while others are sold into sex trafficking and were forced into prostitution. Many children are taken from their families to become soldiers. Countries such as Lebanon and Colombia regularly enlist young children to carry guns and become soldiers of war. Rarely is this considered a form of slavery, yet by definition, it is. As you can see there are many types of slavery that still exist today. The following exhibits how the name has changed but the practice is still the same. Bonded Labor occurs when people have taken a simple loan for something such as medicine, food or housing for themselves or their family and to pay it back they are put to work by the lender creating a type of slavery. With bonded labor often the child of the debtor are put to work in order to pay the bond. Early and Forced Marriage is the parental practice of selling off daughters as they reach adolescence. Daughters are sold for monetary gain. Frequently, there are also religious reasons for this practice. Their families give the girls into arranged marriages. They have no choice as to who they are to marry. Once married they are owned by their new husband. Forced Labor is where a person is forced into work by the threat of physical harm. Much like the slavery that we read of in our history books, these slaves work out of fear of violence. Slavery by Descent means simply that a child is born into slavery. The parents are slaves, thus the child is a slave. It just continues generation after generation. Trafficking, according to the Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (C.A.S.T.), is the recruitment and transportation of persons within or across boundaries by force, fraud, or deception for the purpose of exploiting them economically. Trafficked people most commonly work in sweatshops, restaurants, on farms, in manufacturing, prostitution and as private domestic workers Sadly, many parents end up giving their child into slavery to pay off a debt or simply sell their own children for support their families. Many young women are raped by their owners ending up pregnant thus bring more children into the life of slavery. This article could have been written in 1808, or 1908, but sadly, it is being written in 2008. Youd think that in todays civilized society that slavery would truly have been completely abolished, however, the name has just been changed. Slavery affects todays society so much, even though we do not notice it, slavery is everywhere. Next time youre in a department store, pick up some of the products and look to see where they were manufactured. It is highly unlikely that it will have the name of a country with strict child labor laws in place. There are U.S. companies that even move their manufacturing plants outside of the U.S. in order to employ children at a lesser cost. It is extremely hard to believe but most products we use on a daily basis were produced in countries that allow this type of slavery. Products such as sugar, shoes, tea, coffee, chocolate, fruits, and vegetable are made by modern-day slaves. The U.S. Department of Labor disclosed that our countrys largest retailer, Wal-Mart, was fined a measly 135,000.00 for violating child labor laws. The violation: Children operating chain saws and box crushing machinery. Toys-R-Us was cited for working 14-year-old children late into the night. The management for this huge corporations stated that they misunderstood the child labor laws pertaining to how long they could work a fourteen-year-old child. While driving through a large city, maybe in the seedier part of town, notice the young girls on the streets. Where did they come from? Did slave traffickers transplant them here? Are they runaways with no other alternatives? Think about the practices of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Later Day Saints. How is what was going on in Eldorado, Texas any different than sexual slavery? Over 200 women and children were recently taken from this remotely locate temple only after a teenage girl reported that she was being held there against her will and had been forced to marry a fifty year old man as well as have his child. Though illegal, it goes on unknown to most of us to this day. Most of us, unknowingly, support these new forms of slavery. We buy the products from the companies that employ these workers. We, as a nation, do little more than smirk when we read about the religious organizations that condone arranged, under-aged marriages as well as polygamy. In conclusion, though you may not see it, slavery still exists. It has taken on new forms. The name has changed. It doesnt look the same as we have read about in the history books but by any other name it is still slavery. Think about it next time you buy that cute tank top or stop in for your favorite latte.

Gulf War :: essays research papers

Controversial Issues: Justifying the Persian Gulf War On January 16, 1991 the Gulf War had officially started, and for good reason. In August of 1990, Saddam Hussein sent armies to Kuwait, to take it over. When the United States had unwittingly given Saddam help when fighting against the Iranians, we had also given him a military that was one of the world’s largest and most lethal. And so, when Saddam did not comply with the ultimatum that the U.S. had given him, Congress voted for the use of force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oil was the major reason that Saddam wished to take over Kuwait. In 1962, Kuwait was finally recognized as an independent country, the U.S. wanted it back that way. August 3, 1991, just one day after the invasion, the U.N. Security Council demanded the immediate and unconditional withdraw of Iraq’s troops. Later, the Council proclaimed an economic restraint against Iraq. Saddam still would not yield.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The major concern about Saddam was his weapons that he had the power to start a biological warfare. Ironically, it was the U.S. that had supported him with these weapons, helping him build his massive military. The idea of a biological war brings great anxiety to most people, so it was, of course, up to the U.N to stop it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, people still remembered Vietnam and didn’t like the idea of it happening all over again. When Saddam would no relent, the Council took action by sending him an ultimatum: leave Kuwait by January 15, 1991, or U.N. forces would use all necessary means to drive out Iraq. Of course it held no sway over Saddam, so the next day, the U.N. sent over its forces and in three days had liberated Kuwait, though Saddam was not dislodged from power, and is still there to this day.

IRAC Brief Essay

According to United States District Court District of Massachusetts Civil Action 11-10313-GAO (2013), Anderson, Silva, Johnson and Funches contracted through a limited liability company by the name of SLS to perform delivery services work on behalf of HDA (United States District Court District of Massachusetts, 2013). Plaintiffs Case Each driver was provided with their truck Trucks provided to the contractors bore Sears Logo Uniforms bore both Sears and HDA logos Each driver hired their helpers and paid their helpers directly Drivers worked full-time and solely for HDA (while under contract) (United States District Court District of Massachusetts, 2013) HDAs Argument Plaintiffs contracted through SLS and not directly with HDA as individuals; therefore, HDA should not be a litigant in this case Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 149,  § 148B is preempted by the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act, 49 U.S.C (See Case 1:11-cv-10313-GAO Document 99 Filed 12/30/13 Page 3 of 5) (United States District Court District of Massachusetts, 2013) IRAC Issue: The issues below are the reasons this case has been brought to court. The court must provide the answers to these reasons in order to begin the rule assessment portion of IRAC (1) Were the plaintiffs (Anderson, Silva, and Funches) misclassified as independent contractors by HAD? (2) Were deductions taken from plaintiff’s wages in violation of wage laws? Rules Below are the rules found in Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 149,  § 148B. These rules must be applied to the facts of the case to assess the fault or culpability of the litigants. Below is cited via United States District Court District of Massachusetts Civil Action 11-10313-GAO (2013). (1) The individual is free from control and direction in connection with the (2) Performance of the service, both under his contract for the performance of service and in fact; and the service is performed outside the usual course of the business of the employer; and (3) The individual is customarily engaged in an independently established trade, occupation; profession or business of the same nature as that involved in the service performed. (United States District Court District of Massachusetts, 2013) Application When looking at the mass general law 149 subsection 148B, we can apply the three stipulations of the law to the case against HDA violating this law. The plaintiffs in the case were acting solely for the purposes of HDA as a delivery service wearing both the seniors and HDA logos on uniforms provided to them. None of the drivers worked outside of the scope of work on subcontracts for any other provider other than HDA, and finally, each driver performed these duties under the direction of HDA’s vision. It is clear in this case that circumstances are such that every appearance and performance of duties was done in a way to appear that they were solely employees of HDA in that HDA has violated Mass General Law on salary and wages (United States District Court District of Massachusetts, 2013). When applying this to business setting the business entity hiring subcontractors must stipulate in a written contract as to whether the employee is to be treated as a subcontractor under a 1099 tax form or as a subcontract employee for the business. Under the assumptions made in mass general law 149 subsection 148B, subcontractors are deemed employees if they meet certain criteria within the law. This criteria is easily determined under general operating practices and business owners should be aware of these criteria before hiring subcontractors (United States District Court District of Massachusetts, 2013). Analysis/Conclusion Plaintiffs (Anderson, Silva, and Funches) were misclassified as independent contractors by HDA. It was found that deductions were taken from plaintiff’s wages in violation of wage laws. Thus, findings were established through determining that HDA violated the law in place (Mass General Law on Salary and Wages). For the foregoing reasons, the plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment as to liability against HDA (dkt. no. 65) is GRANTED. It is SO ORDERED. Business Managerial Setting Application There are numerous torts to consider when reviewing Anderson v HDA: (1) Intentional Tort a civil matter resulting in an intentional act of damages. (2) Unintentional Tort civil matter unintentional acts that results in economic loss, property damage, or physical injuries. (3) Property Torts occur when one’s enjoyment of their private property is interfered with by either acts of trespass or illegal conversion of the private property. (4) Negligence a civil matter resulting damages due to the lack of care or duty that is owed. (5) Strict Liability Torts can be criminal or civil and culpability or finding of fault is not a factor, to name a few. The tort that is evident in the case of Anderson v HDA is an Unintentional Tort resulting in an act of economic loss. The wage deduction and mis-classification of employment status have led to the loss of wages and possible benefits to the plaintiffs and their helpers. The issues that arose in the Anderson v HDA civil lawsuit could have been avoided by utilizing an effective risk management process for contracts review and management. Co-employment issues arise in the third party relationships due to the unknown, so it is beneficial to know as much as possible about all relationships that are encompassed for the work at hand. Understanding the Torts liabilities that can arise in the areas of contract language and negotiations will ensure that liabilities are managed early in the relationship building process. An effective way to manage this risk is to identify the gaps that may exist with employment status classification, ensure that necessary tax forms are completed, monitor direct partnership and obtain direct partnership attestations regarding their direct  relationship with their contractors. The next step is to have an ongoing control mechanism in place to monitor regulations and update business checklist and standard operation procedures. Reference United States District Court District of Massachusetts. (2013). Civil Action 11-10313-GAO. Retrieved from United States District Court District of Massachusetts, website.

Cigarette Smoking and the Body essays

Cigarette Smoking and the Body essays Tobacco is consumed worldwide everyday by millions of people. Many people cannot prevent themselves from smoking because tobacco contains a drug called nicotine that makes them feel as if they need it in order to function normally. Nicotine is a substance found in tobacco. It is found in all tobacco products such as: cigarettes, pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, and cigars. When a person smokes a tobacco product, they inhale the smoke, which contains nicotine as well as over 500 chemicals, including formaldehyde (used to preserve dead bodies), cyanide, insecticide, carbon monoxide and tar [1]. I personally think that smoking is detrimental and that it has many fatal side effects, but eventhough many people know of these effects, they still chose to smoke. For what reason? Nicotine has a few positive effects on the body. It stimulates memory and alertness, enhancing cognitive skills that require speed, reaction time, vigilance, and work performance. It acts as a mood-altering agent, it tends to alleviate boredom and reduce stress, and reduces aggressive responses to stressful events. It also tends to be an appetite suppressant, specifically decreasing the appetite for simple carbohydrates (sweets) and inhibiting the efficiency with which food is metabolised. People who use tobacco products frequently depend upon it providing these side effects to help them accomplish certain tasks at specific levels of performance. Many people start smoking for the reasons mentioned before but some also smoke primarily because of peer pressure and advertising. Some also start to smoke because they think it makes them look cool. These 'positive' effects may seem reason enough for you to smoke but the negative effects are much greater and detrimental. The immediate affects of nicotine on the body include: increase in blood pressure, increase in heart rate, thickening of blood, narrowing of arteries, decrease in skin temperature, increase in resp...

A View from the Bridge ends in tragedy Essays

A View from the Bridge ends in tragedy Essays A View from the Bridge ends in tragedy Paper A View from the Bridge ends in tragedy Paper ASSIGNMENT TITLE: A View from the Bridge ends in tragedy. Explore how the audiences response is shaped towards this conclusion throughout the play.  Arthur Miller is a world-renowned playwright and dramatist who was born in New York City in the year 1915. Miller studied at the University of Michigan where he started writing some of his better known plays. In the year 1955, Miller wrote a play called, A View from the Bridge, it is a 20th century interpretation of the dramatic form. It is set in the late 1940s amidst the Sicilian community in Brooklyn, New York. It is said to be a modern version of a Greek tragedy with its powerful speeches and references to fate. A lawyer, Alfieri re-tells his account as he oversees the events that take place. The play is in two acts, but careful incisions by Alfieri help the audience to reflect on the events that have just happened. The title of the play is based on the Brooklyn Bridge and Alfieri having a view from on top of it. Since this play is supposed to be a modern version of a Greek tragedy, tragic events take place throughout the play. The concept of impending doom is something that is threatening to happen, and throughout this essay, I will go into depth about how Arthur Miller created this atmosphere through his written language and stage directions. Eddie Carbone is introduced into the play as a slightly overweight longshoreman and we see straight away that he is a character of authority when Catherine appears and waits on him in an affectionate way. Catherine is an 18-year old who, because of her mothers death is living with her Aunt Beatrice and her husband, Eddie. Eddie has taken upon himself to be a father to Catherine and to give her the very best in life. Therefore, because of his fatherly affections Eddie and Catherine have developed a close family relationship. Eddies first comments to Catherine this early in the play are all centred on Catherines appearance. References made about her hair, clothes and about her walkin wavy. This obsessive attention to Catherines physical appearance is extremely questionable especially when he asks her to turn around so he can see her back. When Eddie becomes quite adamant that he disapproves of the way she walks, Catherine is almost in tears. This simple act of crying shows the audience immediately how naive and vulnerable she is. Beatrice, Eddies wife doesnt seem to notice or observe the actions of Eddie and his niece Catherine.  The play then plummets into the arrival of Beatrices two cousins from Italy who are illegal immigrants. The honour that is bestowed upon the family as Eddie says, is pride. The law does not matter in this community they make the rules. Eddie ironically tells the tragic story of Vinny Bonzano who told the Immigration Bureau that his uncle was an illegal immigrant and staying with them. He was then disowned from the community. This states the harsh reactions that the community has against someone who breaks the code. The result is always violence. The arrival of the cousins creates apprehension and Marco who is the eldest is very courteous towards Eddie. Rodolpho is the younger of the two and he is blonde. This fascinates Catherine and she voices her fascination. The arrival of the two brothers, Marco and Rodolpho has a big impact in the way Eddie acts. He is more aggressive and agitated. This results in more violence between the two brothers and Eddie.  Miller presents emotion with Eddies character. We can indicate that the play is more violent and confused, as Marco and Rodolpho are more involved with Eddie and his way of life.  Alfieri is the voice of faith and acts as the chorus in the play. He helps the audience to reflect on the events that have just occurred. He launches into graphic detail about past bandits and murders and about how justice is very important to the Italians. The community is the gullet of New York, which is swallowing the tonnage of the world. U.S. Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy was one of the most controversial figures of the 1950s. His charges that the U.S. State Department had been infiltrated by Communists were never substantiated, but his widespread popularity caused many government officials to avoid challenging him. After televised hearings in 1954 where he accused the U.S. Army of coddling Communists, he lost popular support and was censured by the Senate for methods he used in his investigations. Miller used the era of McCarthyism to reflect his play on the laws and views of illegal immigrants entering the country.

Discover the History of the ENIAC Computer

Discover the History of the ENIAC Computer As technology progressed in the early and mid-1900s, the need for enhanced computational speed grew. In response to this deficit, the American military invested half a million dollars to create the ideal computing machine. Who Invented the ENIAC? On May 31, 1943, the military commission for the new computer began with  the partnership of John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert, with the former serving as the chief consultant and Eckert as the chief engineer. Eckert had been a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School of Electrical Engineering when he and Mauchly met in 1943. It took the team about one year to design the ENIAC and then 18 months plus half a million dollars in tax money to build it. The machine wasnt officially turned on until November 1945, by which time the war was over. However, not all was lost, and the military still put ENIAC to work, performing calculations for the design of a hydrogen bomb, weather predictions, cosmic-ray studies, thermal ignition, random-number studies, and wind-tunnel design. The ENIAC In 1946, Mauchly and Eckert developed the Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC). The American military sponsored this research because it needed a computer for calculating artillery-firing tables, the settings used for different weapons under varied conditions for target accuracy. As the branch of the military responsible for calculating the tables, the Ballistics Research Laboratory (BRL) became interested after hearing about Mauchlys research at the Moore School. Mauchly had previously created several calculating machines and in 1942  began designing a better calculating machine based on the work of John Atanasoff, an inventor who  used vacuum tubes to speed up calculations. The patent for ENIAC was filed in 1947. An excerpt from that patent, (U.S.#3,120,606) filed on June 26, read, With the advent of everyday use of elaborate calculations, speed has become paramount to such a high degree that there is no machine on the market today capable of satisfying the full demand of modern computational methods. What Eas Inside the ENIAC? The ENIAC was an intricate and elaborate piece of technology for the time. Housed within 40 9-foot-tall cabinets, the machine contained 17,468 vacuum tubes  along with 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, 6,000 manual switches, and 5 million soldered joints. Its dimensions covered 1,800 square feet (167 square meters) of floor space and weighed 30 tons, and running it consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power. Two 20-horsepower blowers delivered cool air to keep the machine from overheating. The vast extent of energy being used led to a rumor that turning on the machine would cause the city of Philadelphia to experience brownouts. However, the story, which was first reported incorrectly by the Philadelphia Bulletin in 1946, has since been discounted as an urban myth. In just one second, the ENIAC (1,000 times faster than any other calculating machine to date) could perform 5,000 additions, 357 multiplications, or 38 divisions. The use of vacuum tubes instead of switches and relays resulted in the increase in speed, but it was not a quick machine to reprogram. Programming changes would take the technicians weeks, and the machine always required long hours of maintenance. As a side note, research on the ENIAC led to many improvements in the vacuum tube. Contributions of Dr. John Von Neumann In 1948, Dr. John Von Neumann made several modifications to the ENIAC. The ENIAC had performed arithmetic and transfer operations concurrently, which caused programming difficulties. Von Neumann suggested that using switches to control code selection would make it so that pluggable cable connections could remain fixed. He added a converter code to enable serial operation. Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation Eckert and Mauchlys work extended beyond just ENIAC. In 1946, Eckert and Mauchly started the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. In 1949, their company launched the BINAC (BINary Automatic Computer) that used magnetic tape to store data. In 1950, the Remington Rand Corporation bought the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation and changed the name to the Univac Division of Remington Rand. Their research resulted in the UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer), an essential forerunner to todays computers. In 1955, Remington Rand merged with the Sperry Corporation and formed Sperry-Rand. Eckert remained with the company as an executive and continued with the company when it later merged with the Burroughs Corporation to become Unisys. Eckert and Mauchly both received the IEEE Computer Society Pioneer Award in 1980. The End of the ENIAC Despite its significant advances in computation in the 1940s, ENIACs tenure was short. On October 2, 1955, at 11:45 p.m.,  the power was finally shut off, and the ENIAC was retired. In 1996, precisely 50 years after ENIAC was publicly acknowledged by the government, the massive computer received its place in history. According to the Smithsonian, ENIAC was the center of attention in the city of Philadelphia as they celebrated being the birthplace of computation. ENIAC was ultimately dismantled, with sections of the massive machine on display at both Penn and the Smithsonian.

See instructions-SIP analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

See instructions-SIP analysis - Essay Example es Climate, Achievement and Participation (CAP), all of which are part of the student learning and betterment of provision of educational services to them. Goals set by the district such as enhanced achievement of students, professional achievement of instructors and expansion of recruitment of qualified teachers. The inquiry process incorporates key strengths that should be a part of the improvement plan along with priority concerns related to â€Å"student achievement, instruction, remediation strategies, program implementation and professional development†. For each priority concern, the root causes and solutions are given. Master design plan, section A includes action and monitoring plans that should be taken in the lieu of improvement. For action plan, resources for implementation, time period and responsible people are described, similarly in monitoring plan, the success for implementation measurement, time period and responsible people are elaborated. In section B of master design plan, the evaluating plan for implementation is given that is helpful for measuring success of the plan. Under the heading of completing the SIP plan, several questions are asked, which should be answered using the concepts of CAP. These questions are related to policies and practices, testing systems, instructional strategies, available resources, funding, etc. At the end, budget for the overall cost of carrying out the plan is given that incorporates funds required for goals accomplishment and funds available. The School Improvement Plan can be linked to School Assessment Results based on goals and objectives designed for the improvement of student education. There are many programs that are started by the school management in order to get good results such as â€Å"Success For All† reading program, â€Å"Everyday Math† program and writing programs such as â€Å"Set-Up to Writing†, â€Å"Write Traits†, â€Å"Thinking Maps† for enhancing writing skills of students. The School

Something about fairy tales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Something about fairy tales - Essay Example This works against the argument that many of the medical advances that have been made have been accomplished through ‘designer’ practices in response to top-dollar demands. At the same time, Postrel argues against the ‘anti-nature’ claim by citing several examples in which modern medicine has changed the ‘natural’ condition of decay and death, even allergic response, without anyone calling foul. Basically, I agree with Postrel that cloning science is not an attack on nature and is not intended to produce designer babies or yuppy science. I also agree that the majority of people who benefit from these technologies seems to be the middle class, maybe because there are more middle class families and thus more demand or maybe because rich people taking advantage of these advances prefer to keep their stories quiet. The technologies would not be developed, though, unless there was someone interested in benefiting from the results, especially in our overly capitalistic society. However, I do understand the point of view of the other side in being worried that this technology might be carried too far. As it can be seen in almost every other facet of life, moderation can provide tremendous benefits, but excess can lead to disaster. For this paper, I plan to explore the archetypes present within the fairy tale story of â€Å"Snow White.† Preliminary research has indicated that while archetypes are readily identified within the story even by very young children, there remain several interpretations regarding what these archetypes are. For example, Stephen Flynn (2005) interprets the story in terms of its female archetypes while Virginia Walker and Mary Lunz (1976) reveal numerous archetypes recognized by young children when the story is aurally communicated. My primary question in conducting this research is to determine if there is a consensus opinion regarding the identification of archetypes within the story and

Elements of a business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Elements of a business plan - Essay Example Elements of a business plan Starting a business enterprise is a process that requires concerted efforts in order for the initiative to be a success. As such, this report seeks to critically evaluate the reasons why it is important for a new start up business to create a comprehensive business plan. Basically, a business plan is an outline of a business idea which seeks to justify the reason behind starting that particular business. Internally, the business plan helps to shape direction upon which the organisation will operate and externally, it helps in linking with the stakeholders. In order to establish the significance of a comprehensive business plan in a start up business, it is imperative to begin by explaining the meaning of planning which is regarded as the key term in this discussion in order to gain a full understanding of the whole concept. â€Å"Planning includes defining goals, establishing strategy and developing plans to coordinate activities†. In the same vein, Bates et al (2006) concur with this idea when they state that planning which is concerned with generation of ideas is regarded as the starting point of establishing a business as well as managing it. In actual fact, before starting a business, one needs to determine in advance the goals to be achieved as well as to visualise likely result of the objectives for the business enterprise. Therefore, it can be safely said that planning is a process whereby objectives are decided upon and developing the plans to reach them as well as to coordinate other activities. Planning can be said to be very important in a business venture because it gives people in a particular organisation an idea of the direction in which business will be going. 2. Strategic objectives A comprehensive business plan is very important in every business given that it outlines the objectives of that particular business venture. Essentially, every business is in existence because of a purpose. In most cases, the major aim of business is to generate profits through revenue that is generated from its operations (Armstrong & Kotler, 2004). Basically, the objectives of the business venture are clearly stated in its mission statement and are emphasised in the vision of the organisation. The mission of the organisation clearly outlines the purpose of a particular business and this is where objectives are also stated. The vision of any business enterprise is to detail the plans as well as the measures that can be taken in order to achieve the set goals. This may not be possible without a comprehensive bu siness plan which details the measures as well as the steps that can be taken towards attainment of the set goals. 3. Market analysis Planning is very important because it gives the people in the organisation an idea of the direction in which the business is going (Bates, 2006). However, there are likely problems to be encountered during the operations of the business enterprise given that it operates in an environment that is characterised by various factors. As such, a comprehensive business plans details a critical analysis of the environment in which the organisation is operating. In this case, a SWOT analysis is very important since constitutes the comprehensive plan of the

Statistical Process Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Statistical Process Control - Essay Example These factors are very frequent and can be statistically evaluated. These are determined by external variations, their causes are out of statistics control. Even though these factors are out of statistics control various test are used to determine their occurrence. Their occurrence is not frequent (Wise, 1998) 2) Tabulation of collected data; the data about the activity and the time is carefully tabulated. It is easy to read tabulated data in addition to the fact that the data can be grouped simplifying statistics calculations. 3) Calculation of the mean; this aids in determining the time to allocate to each activity; different activities will have different means. The time allocated for each activity can be based on the mean. To define the control limits it is necessary to evaluate the history of the process and also determine how wide the control limits will be set. To determine the limits, it is common to draw the normal distribution curve and attempt to normalize the curve. Probability density functions are used. References Wise, S. A. (1998). Innovative Control Charting: Practical SPC Solutions for Today's Manufacturing Environment. Milwaukee: ASQ Quality

Statistical Process Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Statistical Process Control - Essay Example These factors are very frequent and can be statistically evaluated. These are determined by external variations, their causes are out of statistics control. Even though these factors are out of statistics control various test are used to determine their occurrence. Their occurrence is not frequent (Wise, 1998) 2) Tabulation of collected data; the data about the activity and the time is carefully tabulated. It is easy to read tabulated data in addition to the fact that the data can be grouped simplifying statistics calculations. 3) Calculation of the mean; this aids in determining the time to allocate to each activity; different activities will have different means. The time allocated for each activity can be based on the mean. To define the control limits it is necessary to evaluate the history of the process and also determine how wide the control limits will be set. To determine the limits, it is common to draw the normal distribution curve and attempt to normalize the curve. Probability density functions are used. References Wise, S. A. (1998). Innovative Control Charting: Practical SPC Solutions for Today's Manufacturing Environment. Milwaukee: ASQ Quality

Governance Regulations and Ethics in the UK Essay

Governance Regulations and Ethics in the UK - Essay Example Governance Regulations and Ethics Task 1: Economic Recession 1.0 Introduction In the book, in chapter one, there is a lot of emphasis on corporate responsibility towards ethical issues in management so as to conform to international set standards where the guidelines and management principles that conform across countries and cultures. In the film, it is clear that most countries especially America made attempts to set into place control mechanisms through various acts so as to ensure honest and moral conduct in business. The book brings into focus the dishonest by the investment companies when they undertook to promote internet stock companies they were quite aware would fail. This was in an attempt to precipitate the crisis by, in fact, defrauding innocent investors. This resulted in derivatives. This is an outright case of dishonest as business terms require such loyalty and obligation in the management of the corporations by people charged with the responsibility whether CEOs or employees. 2.0 Issues in the Movie Covered in the Existing Corporate Codes 2.1 The UK Corporate Governance Code of the year 2010 The UK Cooperate Governance Code of the year 2010 is mainly included with the aim of establishing a well a created board of governors for accompany or corporation through principles and rules, as opposed to rigid rules. The main Aim of the code is to ensure proper directorship of companies through the underlying principles of accountability, transparency, probity, and insight into sustainable success. It is clear that the financial crisis as reported in the movie, â€Å"The Inside Job’ was as a result of management of the business with the aim of success but without consideration of the eventual effect of such practices, which were fraudulent, in nature. This is in the book which defines better and acceptable ethical practices in the corporate world 2.2 Flaws in the Implementation of the Code Although the code in section 4 about governance sets out the moral practices of an organization through sound and upright board behavior, implementation, and adherence are not a guarantee. This is evident in the movie since the CEOs of the investment companies did not actually follow the guidelines, though they existed. The Lehman Brothers, for instance, ignored the moral and ethical guidelines and continued promoting borrowing to firms without the capability to remain in the market with that clearly in their knowledge. The firm had to crumble and come down in 2008. 2.3 Role of corporate Leadership in Disregarding the Code Leadership of the chairman of a board, the support is given to and by the chief executive officer and the openness and frankness to discussions by the directors is the key in this endeavor according to the governance code.

Movie Review Shawshank Redemption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Movie Review Shawshank Redemption - Essay Example He accepts the punishment with dignity, not bothering about the social stigma associated, for he knows he is innocent. The Shawshank Prison reflects the drudgery and slowness of prison life, as is visible in most prison movie. The striking difference however, is the portrayal of Andy’s free and hopeful spirit, and how one free spirit can bring about a radical change in the environment. Andy has his shares of troubles in prison. The Shawshank prison reflects some of the rawest forms of human rights’ violation including â€Å"the Sisters† attempting to get Andy to perform oral sex for them. The movie is about a determined, hopeful human being with an unbending spirit breaking free from the shackles of misery. Andy, slowly but steadily, inches his way through the walls using a rock-hammer over a period of decades until he finally breaks free. Even during his stay in prison, Andy improves the quality of life of his inmates by helping establish a small prison library. His knowledge of Banking and Taxation help him to initially work with the corrupt warden, finally expose his misdeeds in public and leading him to commit suicide in the end. The movie perhaps trudges along a trifle slowly in the middle. That could well be a reflection of the leaden passage of time, the years of redemption one has to undergo before achieving salvation and experiencing freedom. The cinematography is near excellent. The damp blue, green, and grey walls, which at times seem like shades of black and white, reflect the characteristic dullness of prison life. The Shawshank Redemption is also a story of friendship between two souls – Andy and Red (Morgan Freeman). It is a story of how two individuals from contrasting backgrounds – one guilty of murder and the other innocent, come together to help each other. While Red, â€Å"the man who can get you anything in prison,† helps him get hold of a rock-hammer – the tool that helps him achieve his goal of

Statistical Process Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Statistical Process Control - Essay Example These factors are very frequent and can be statistically evaluated. These are determined by external variations, their causes are out of statistics control. Even though these factors are out of statistics control various test are used to determine their occurrence. Their occurrence is not frequent (Wise, 1998) 2) Tabulation of collected data; the data about the activity and the time is carefully tabulated. It is easy to read tabulated data in addition to the fact that the data can be grouped simplifying statistics calculations. 3) Calculation of the mean; this aids in determining the time to allocate to each activity; different activities will have different means. The time allocated for each activity can be based on the mean. To define the control limits it is necessary to evaluate the history of the process and also determine how wide the control limits will be set. To determine the limits, it is common to draw the normal distribution curve and attempt to normalize the curve. Probability density functions are used. References Wise, S. A. (1998). Innovative Control Charting: Practical SPC Solutions for Today's Manufacturing Environment. Milwaukee: ASQ Quality

Movie Review Shawshank Redemption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Movie Review Shawshank Redemption - Essay Example He accepts the punishment with dignity, not bothering about the social stigma associated, for he knows he is innocent. The Shawshank Prison reflects the drudgery and slowness of prison life, as is visible in most prison movie. The striking difference however, is the portrayal of Andy’s free and hopeful spirit, and how one free spirit can bring about a radical change in the environment. Andy has his shares of troubles in prison. The Shawshank prison reflects some of the rawest forms of human rights’ violation including â€Å"the Sisters† attempting to get Andy to perform oral sex for them. The movie is about a determined, hopeful human being with an unbending spirit breaking free from the shackles of misery. Andy, slowly but steadily, inches his way through the walls using a rock-hammer over a period of decades until he finally breaks free. Even during his stay in prison, Andy improves the quality of life of his inmates by helping establish a small prison library. His knowledge of Banking and Taxation help him to initially work with the corrupt warden, finally expose his misdeeds in public and leading him to commit suicide in the end. The movie perhaps trudges along a trifle slowly in the middle. That could well be a reflection of the leaden passage of time, the years of redemption one has to undergo before achieving salvation and experiencing freedom. The cinematography is near excellent. The damp blue, green, and grey walls, which at times seem like shades of black and white, reflect the characteristic dullness of prison life. The Shawshank Redemption is also a story of friendship between two souls – Andy and Red (Morgan Freeman). It is a story of how two individuals from contrasting backgrounds – one guilty of murder and the other innocent, come together to help each other. While Red, â€Å"the man who can get you anything in prison,† helps him get hold of a rock-hammer – the tool that helps him achieve his goal of

Transitional Leadership Essay Example for Free

Transitional Leadership Essay Organizational Culture is defined as â€Å"a common perception held by the organization’s members; a system of shared meaning† (Robbins, 2004). It is the name given to the idea that an organization holds a set of values, beliefs and practices that are common to all the members of that organization. It is the idea that an organization cannot exist on its own without a dominant culture practiced within the boundaries of the organization. Due to the growing workplace diversity, it has become impossible for every member of a different culture to practice their own beliefs and values. Thus, organizational culture provides the framework and the behavioral guidelines on how to behave within an organization. The characteristics of organizational culture are: Innovation and risk taking Attention to detail Outcome orientation People orientation Team orientation Aggressiveness Stability (Robbins, 2004) There can be different types of organizational cultures depending on the hierarchy, the business it is in and the scope of the organization, It is not necessary that two identical organizations will have the same organizational culture. It all depends on the workforce and the mission and vision of the organization that determines the organizational culture. My organization has a customer-responsive culture. This means that the culture in my organization has a set of practices that are customer-centric. The characteristics of such a culture are very much different from any other traditional customer-focused organization. Since culture is the summation of values, beliefs, attitudes and practices, The customer-responsive culture is one where there is employee empowerment, involvement and continuous learning. Information sharing is an integral part of daily communication and the customer is the center of attention in all considerations. Religious practices and occasions are part of the organizational culture and employees are kept autonomous and happy to the maximum possible extent so that this results in a well-served customer. I believe that my organization’s culture is well-suited for future development and success. This is because of the fact that businesses all around the globe have become highly customer focused. Organizations are beginning to learn that the customer is the most important person and no amount of wooing will ensure a prolonged loyalty from the customer. They are now designing products and services keeping in view the demands of the customer. There has been a shift from the sales paradigm to the customer needs paradigm where organizations are constantly worried about what the customer wants and strive to meet those requirements. Future success depends on the ability to understand and meet customers’ requirements. Since the organizational culture is customer-centric, I am sure there are no problems posed to the organization in meeting them. In fact, the customer-focused organizational culture will also mean that the employees in the organization will be highly motivated towards achieving the goals assigned targets since the organizational culture ensures autonomy, employee empowerment and flexibility. These traits ensure that the employees feel part of the organization and take more pride and enthusiasm in working towards achieving its goals. In conclusion, I would like to state that an organizational culture which is customer-centric is bound to be successful in the future due to the fact that the global industry is moving towards understanding the needs of the customer and delivering products and services fulfilling those needs. Bibliography Robbins, S. P. (2004). Organizational Behavior. New York: Pearsons.

Psychological research into language, and sex and gender

Psychological research into language, and sex and gender In this report I will be evaluating the contribution of social perspectives to our understanding from the two topics found in: OU, DSE212 Challenging Psychological Issues, Book 2. The topics I have chosen for consideration of psychological research are language, and sex and gender. The approaches taken will be analysed the topic in general terms and not to focus on one particular aspect at detailed levels. It points to the lack of a conclusive answer which is caused by Psychology as a discipline being relatively young and still in early stages with a lack of adequately strong theories that might assist to connect otherwise contrasting perspectives co existing. The report concludes that different perspectives within psychology can coexist at times, though conflict is frequent throughout. Sex and Gender The Psychology of sex and gender is one the most topical, important and engaging subjects that psychology, it illustrates many of the difficult issues that psychological explanations must address, including the political implications of different perspectives and the challenging of integrating explanations. It has been a controversial topic since the inception of psychology as a discipline and it powerful illustrates some of the diverse approaches with the field. A deliberation of how psychology approaches the analysis of sex and gender discloses four psychological perspectives, these are: Biological sex differences: Explaining the differences between male and female and biological correlates of behaviour. Investigations ere conducted through scientific processes Evolutionary psychology: Explaining the differences in the behaviour between the sexes in terms of behavioural selection for reproductive fitness. Test are conducted empirically Social constructionist theory: Gender differences between the sexes through the study of discourse in various historical, cultural and social contexts and so is hermeneutic. Psychoanalytic psychology: Development and meaning of sexual differences. Studies are largely done through clinical observation. Direct impressions of the four perspectives are objects of knowledge of each of the perspectives are all valid and useful in general psychology of sex and gender,. They pose somewhat different questions, have different objects of knowledge and use different notions of evidences. These perspectives may be complementary, conflicting however the scope for co-existence is not transparent. Given that the perspectives do not share common objects of knowledge, however is there can be an underlying hope for complementary theories in which together they all contribute to a broad understanding. Sex refer to the biological basis of differences between the sexes, where as gender refers to social constructed categories pertaining to these differences. Assigning a sex to humans can sometimes be a complex process, biological characteristics such as genetics and hormonal used to designate male or female, can be unreliable in small proportions of case, due to genetic abnormalities, such as, Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) and Klinefelterss Syndrome ((XXY) (OU, p137) Certainly the biological and evolutionary perspectives appear complementary at the theoretical level in that both regard biological sex as the determinant of gender and view differences between sexes as biological features that have been selected for during evolution. Evolutionary psychologists argue that sexual selections and the different optimal reproductive styles of our male female ancestors have results in some differences in the behavioural predispositions of the two sexes. These are seen to particularly apparent in the area of sexual behaviours and attitudes. Buss (1992), found while both sexes reported experiencing jealousy at the though of their partner being involved with another person, there were differences in the focus of their concerned. OU,p145) In humans, unlike in other animals, clear differences in brain structures that correlate with differences in adult behaviour patterns have proven difficult to demonstrate. Nonetheless, imaging studies show some sex differences in brain functioning of Western adults. This is probably due, at least in part, to the brains plasticity.(Giedd et al, 1999) )p140). While some sex differences are clearly established at birth for most individuals, bodies and brained may become gendered over lifetime of use. A explanations would appear to be consistent with research findings from cross-cultural differences in male and females sexual behaviours, which Allen and Gorski, 1990 study has backed (OU, p139) However, biological psychology attempts to explain differences in male-female psychology in terms of selected physiological characteristics, for example dimorphism in brain structures (cf. Hofman and Swaab, 1991, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, p.139). On the other hand the evolutionary psychologist would principally argue in favour of selected behavioural characteristics such as differences between male and female sexual attitudes (cf. Clark and Hatfield, 1989, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, p.146). There is thus an apparent conflict at the level of analysis. It is therefore ironic that evolutionary psychology must perforce co-exist with biological psychology since, given the understandable constraints on its ability to conduct the sorts of empirical investigations that might be wished for (cf. Herrnstein-Smith, 2000, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, OU p.141), it is dependent on a certain amount of corroboration from the biological perspective, amongst others (cited in Holloway et al, 2007, pp.184). (22) Social constructionist point of view, they regard sex and gender as characteristics that are revealed only through discourse and action. These are consequence of the individuals behaviour and experience in a given cultural, social and historical context. The depth of the conflict is exemplified by a comparison of evolutionary studies that emphasise cross-cultural stability in particular sexual preferences (cf. Singh 1995, p.148; Buss and Schmitt, 1993, p.148, cited in Holloway et al, 2007) and social constructionist ideas such as Sandra Bem, who developed the idea of the cultural lens of musicality and femininity. This lens is a way of perceiving the world that makes behaviour and experiences gendered, this is called the Gender Schema Theory (1994, Holloway et al, 2007, OU p.153). According to the social constructionist perspectives, biological sex is not central to explaining what it is to be a man or a women, rather it is a signpost to which a whole set of us socially constructed gender differences are attached. In this account, social constructionist created discourse about masculinity and femininity are used by individual to create their own gendered subject positions. Whereas the biological and evolutionary perspectives agree that biological sex lies at the heart of explaining gender, the social constructionist perspective explicitly rejects that view; sometimes for political reasons. In relation to Sex and Gender, political differences are often exposed when conflicting accounts of differences occur. Gender and sexuality came to be seen, through Freuds work, as having far-reaching implications for the development of self. It largely complements the social constructionist, in terms of its interpretive or hermeneutic methodology, its explanations largely focus on the unconscious given that its objects of study entail the meaning of the biological differences between men and women and how these become internalised in the childs mind (OU, Holloway et al, 2007, pp.183). Thus both the social constructionist and psychoanalytic perspectives conflict with the biological and evolutionary approaches at the methodological level. Uniquely however the psychoanalysis perspective recognises both biological and cultural contributions to its theorising. It is not without its share of conflict however. Within the perspective, a important critical developments in the psychoanalytic theory sex and gender includes Freuds notion for the symbolic significance of the penis( and penis envy) quickly came under scrutiny from feminist psychologists to scientific practices. through Freud failure to consider the significant of womens genitals. (OU, Horney, 1926, , 2007, p.164). Language and Meaning There are three main perspectives used to examine the complex area of language, these are: Theory Methods Themes. These perspectives focus on different aspects of language including evolutionary developments of languages, the processing of languages and the construction of meaning through interaction. The study of language and meaning, one finds an equally intriguing mix of potential co-existence, complement and conflict when comparing the three principal perspectives. The evolutionary perspective sets out to explore language to understand how are related structurally and historically, how they are used differently by various social and cultural groups and how languages is used to communicate and create meaning. Language is the main medium for communication between humans beings and where we express, explore and pursue those goals that mean most to us .It is possible to view the three perspectives as at least co-existent. Their objects of knowledge are different and one might expect their cumulative product to contribute to some sort of unified theory. However, the potential for conflict between the cognitive and social constructionist perspectives is revealed in how they view meaning as the object of knowledge. For the former it is something that is constructed internally by the individual prior to transmission, and subsequently reconstructed by the audience. For the latter it is negotiated as a result of discourse between individuals meaning emerges as the result of a complex interplay of intentions, interpretations and power-relations. Thus, there is cause for disagreement as to what meaning is and where it comes from (Sperber and Wilson 1986, OU, p100). That this is adequate to justify a claim of conflict seems weak since the types of meaning espoused by the two perspectives are themselves different. A major social constructionist argument against a purist cognitive perspective is that cognitive processes cannot be transparently reported. This argument is one that cognitive researchers have long acknowledged. Commenting on early research into the cognitive modelling of language Boden (1977, pp.113ff, et passim) notes that a persons understanding of language in a given instance is dependent, not simply on their knowledge of the world around them, but crucially on their understanding of their relationship with who they communicate with. Within the evolutionary perspective there is also a debate as to whether language evolved as an adaptation advantage and was the foundation for other cognitive abilities. Pinker (1994) believes that languages may have evolved through natural selection, perhaps in conjunction with other cognitive abilities, OU, p83) or as a consequence of selection for an ability to form our Metarepresentation (Sperber, 2000, p.86). These are contradictory and conflicting views.. The major differences between psychological methods based on natural science principles and those based those on hermeneutic principles means that preservatives based on these methods may have difficulty achieving more than uneasy coexistence. Psychologists do not stand on such substantial bedrock. The questions they pose are often difficult to formulate computationally without reducing the predictive power of any solution, whereas the history of physics can be measured in thousands of years, psychology as a recognisable discipline has existed for just over a century. A inevitable conclusion is that psychology is characterised by perspectives that at one or more of these levels conflict, co-exist or complement, No perspective on its own can tell the whole story. The perspectives and levels of analysis and explanations cannot just be combined without an account of how they interact. Word count: 1793 294 (References + Quotes +Titles + Bullet Points) = 1499

The Assessment of Society in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels :: Gullivers Travels Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚   "In its most serious function, satire is a mediator between two perceptions-the unillusioned perception of man as he actually is, and the ideal perception, or vision, of man as he ought ot be," (Bullitt, 3). Likewise, "misanthropy" can be understood as being the product of one of two world views: 1) The Pure Cynic or Misanthropist has no faith in human nature and has given up on any notion of ideals. This type lies and manipulates as a matter of course and these are the types that tend to run the world. 2) The "Burned" or Disillusioned Idealist's misanthropy arises out of disappointment in humankind. In many ways, the second type exhibits more bile as he is constantly frustrated by what men do as opposed to what they ought to do. Jonathon Swift is the second type of misanthropist and Gulliver's Travels is arguably his greatest satiric attempt to "shame men out of their vices" (Ibid., 14) by constantly distinguishing between how man behaves and how he thinks about or just ifies his behavior in a variety of situations. Pride, in particular, is what enables man to "deceive himself into the belief that he is rational and virtuous when, in reality, he has not developed his reason, and his virtue is merely appearance," (Ibid., 66). This satire works on so many levels that a paper such as this allows me to deal with only three elements, and in a necessarily superficial way: the ways in which the structure and choice of metaphor serve Swift's purpose, a discussion of some of his most salient attacks on politics, religion, and other elements of society, and his critique on the essence and flaws of human nature. Swift's purpose was to stir his readers to view themselves as he viewed humankind, as creatures who were not fulfilling their potential to be truly great but were simply flaunting the trappings of greatness. Gulliver's Travels succeeds in this goal brilliantly. The form and structure of the whole work enhanced Swift's purpose, as did the specific metaphors in each of the four voyages. Firstly, Swift went to great pains to present Gulliver's Travels in the genuine, standard form of the popular travelogues of the time. Gulliver, the reader is told, was a seaman, first in the capacity of a ship's surgeon, then as the captain of several ships. Swift creates a realistic framework by incorporating nautical jargon, descriptive detail that is related in a "factual, ship's-log" style, and repeated claims by Gulliver, in his narrative, "to relate plain matter(s) of fact in the simplest manner and style.

Discipleship :: Papers

Discipleship In this essay I am going to find out about Jesus' disciples, how he choose them, who they were, what sacrifices and what a disciples job is, in addition to this whether it is possible to be a disciple in the modern day. According to the Oxford Dictionary a disciple is a "follower of a leader/teacher. The first four disciples that Jesus choose were: Simon, Andrew, James and John. The story of Jesus picking them is in Mk 1: 14-20. " Jesus went to Galilee, proclaiming the good news of God "The time has come" he said, "The Kingdom of God is near. Repent and believe the good news" "As Jesus walked beside the Sea of Galilee, proclaiming the good news of God, he saw Simon and his brother Andrew casting a net into the sea, as they were fishermen. "Come follow me," Jesus said "and I will make you fishers of men." At once they left their nets and followed him. " When he had gone a little farther, he saw James and his brother John in a boat, preparing their nets. Without delay he called them, and they left their father Zebedee in the boat with the hired men and followed him." Another story that shows an example of Jesus appointing his disciples is shown in Mk 3 13:19. "Jesus went up on a mountainside and called to him those he wanted and they came to him. He appointed twelve and designated them as apostles, that they might be with him and that he might send them out to preach and to have the authority to drive out demons. These are the twelve he appointed; Simon (to whom he gave the name Peter); James son of Zebedee and his brother John (to them he gave the name Boanerges, meaning the Sons of Thunder); Andrew, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James Son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him." In both these stories not one man even hesitated about giving everything they had

Promote communication in health, social care Essay

Learning outcomes: Outcome 1 Understand why effective communication is important in the work setting 1.1 Identify the different reasons people communicate. The main reason we communicate is because we want or require something. This may be for comfort: We may require something for our comfort in the form of food or drink, keeping warm or cool, the use of the toilet, bathing etc. or emotional comfort. Exchange of information: We may need to give or receive information about ourselves and the choices we may need to make. Expression of our emotions: We communicate our emotions so that the people around us know how we feel and how to support us whether we are happy, sad or scared. Communication may be verbal, non-verbal, formal or informal. All communication should remain confidential on a need to know basis whatever the type of communication that has taken place. 1.2 Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting. Communication plays a vital role in the care of an individual. I need to know what I am required to do at each service user’s call. This information is communicated to me in a variety of different ways. The service user may tell me, it is written in the care plan and in the assessment when a package is taken on. I may speak to family members or be left notes by family or other carers. If a service user is unable to communicate verbally they may gesture  to me to let me know what they need or how they feel. Effective communication helps to build a trusting relationship which allows care to be successful. Communication between carers is very important as we need to make sure that care is continuous and we work as a team. Discussions about how a service user likes their care, how difficulties can be overcome, safeguarding and general tips can and should take place via the appropriate forum. Without this communication the care team cannot function at its best. A good working relationship with open communication will lead to a good level of care for our service users. Communication from line managers is vital for me to carry out my role well. I need to be aware of situations that have occurred and the outcomes so that I can give the best care possible to my service users. As a senior carer I also need to be able to communicate well with my team of care workers. If information is not passed on this can lead to failures in the care we provide. Outcome 2 Be able to meet the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals. 2.1 Demonstrate how to establish the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals. 2.2 Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication. I need to be clear of the subject that I am communication.  I need to know the person has the ability to understand what I need to communicate I need to know if I need someone to interpret for me. Is there any way that I need to adapt my communication for the individual I need the environment to be suitable Does the individual need someone with them for support? I need to actively listen to what the individual is communicating to me. 2.3 Demonstrate a range of communication methods and styles to meet individual needs. 2.4 Demonstrate how to respond to an individual’s reactions when communicating. Read more:  Strategies That Can Be Used to Clarify Misunderstandings Outcome 3 Be able to overcome barriers to communication 3.1 Explain how people from different backgrounds may use and/or interpret communication methods in different ways. There are a few different ways that differences in background can affect communication. Different cultures have different views of acceptable behaviour regarding verbal and non-verbal communication for example eye-contact, distance between individuals communicating or patterns of formal conversation. In some cultures a woman should not speak unless spoken to. Different cultures also show different levels of emotion in their conversation or discussions. I some cases some cultures seem to get very emotional whereas some are encouraged not to show emotion. Language differences between cultures can cause problems. Words that are similar or even the same may have different connotations to different cultures. For example it is unacceptable for certain words to be used by certain people but fine for others to se them. Differences in body language and gestures can cause problems. For example in some cultures the nod of the head actually means no and a shake means yes. These differences mean that we need to research the cultures of the people we work with to promote effective communication. 3.2 Identify barriers to effective communication. Differences in languages, cultures and dialects including slang and jargon. Hearing or visual impairment. Relationship between those communicating. Generation difference. Physical environment e.g. noise levels, light levels and distance between those communicating. Emotion or distress. Mental health problems. The pace of communication. Learning disabilities. 3.3 Demonstrate ways to overcome barriers to communication. 3.4 Demonstrate strategies that can be used to clarify misunderstandings. 3.5 Explain how to access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively. If I come across a difficulty in communication I would consult my line manager for advice. Depending on the barriers to communication I could always contact the service user’s doctor or talk to the local authority about support services that are available. Outcome 4 Be able to apply principles and practices relating to confidentiality 4.1 Explain the meaning of the term confidentiality. ‘Confidentiality is a set of rules that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information’. Confidentiality relates to the duty to maintain confidence and respect a person’s privacy. I have a duty to keep any information given to me by a service user on a need to know basis. The service user’s personal information that they share with me should not be shared by myself unless it is in the interest of the service user for me to share with an appropriate professional or person with a proven need to know. There are a number of legislations which cover confidentiality within care work. 4.2 Demonstrate ways to maintain confidentiality in day to day communication. 4.3 Describe the potential tension between maintaining an individual’s confidentiality and disclosing concerns. Care work is all about supporting an individual’s choices and allowing them to live their life as independently as they can, but, our duty of care sometimes interferes with this if their choices mean that they are in harm’s way or suffer a loss. If we suspect a service user is in harm’s way, suffering abuse or that they could cause harm to another person we need to disclose this information to those who are in a position to help. If we do disclose confidential information the individual needs to know why we need to share the information and that we are obliged to do this. Policies and procedures we are given to follow help us to understand what we should and should not disclose about someone in our care.

Canon strategic analysis case study Essay

This report examines the competitive strategy that enabled the â€Å"camera company from Japan†1 not only to break down the monopoly enjoyed by Xerox in the copier business in the 1970s but also to grow into a highly diversified, multi-product and multinational premier company. Specifically, the report considers (1) the competitive strategy of Canon (2) the major resources and capabilities of Canon (3) management of the development and transfer of capabilities throughout the organisation (4) Canon’s strategic perspective (5) is Canon successful? (6) conclusion and key learning points Competitive strategy The dominant generic competitive strategy adopted by Canon is differentiation. The company deployed its technological capabilities and know-how in fine optics, precision mechanics, microelectronics and fine chemicals to develop innovative and state-of-the-art products, which were of better quality than those of its competitors. These products resulted mainly from the strong, decentralised research facilities of the company and the incredible ability of its engineers to convert research findings to new products and technological innovation. Although Canon succeeded in manufacturing products at low cost, it did not deliberately compete on the basis of low price. The quality of its products combined with significant amount of marketing and deliberate brand development efforts have established a sound reputation for Canon in the market and these underlie the competitive advantage of Canon. Resources and capabilities The major resources of Canon are as follows: (1) Financial capacity: product innovation and attendant growth in sales and profits enabled provided Canon with the finance required for additional research and product development which resulted in further increases in revenue in a virtuous cycle. (ii) Decentralised R&D and new product development: in addition to the company’s main research centre which supports state-of-the-art research in optics, electronics, new materials and information technology, each product division has development centres (manned by its own R&D personnel) where 80% to 90% of the company’s patentable inventions are discovered. Three corporate research centres are responsible for applying the research findings to new products development. The company also introduced programmes to reduce the time for taking new technology to market by 50%. Innovative products provide the company with competitive advantage through new sales and patents, which serve as entry barriers to competitors. (iii) Marketing expertise: the strength of Canon’s marketing expertise derived from an effective product introduction strategy, a strong dealer network, large advertising spend and brand development. New products are first introduced in the home market before they are sold overseas in order to enable the learning and experience from the home market to be transferred to international markets. Even then, new products are only introduced into the market through proven, existing channels, to minimise the risk of failure. The Company also built up a strong dealer network which supported both sales and service of copiers. Dealers had to complete a service training course before they are allowed to sell copiers. Canon regards dealers as a vital asset through which it is able to understand and respond to customers’ needs on a timely basis. Brand development efforts are undertaken through advertising, corporate sponsorship and a deliberate effort to only associate unique and qua lity products with the brand. This was demonstrated when Canon decided not to market the inferior CPC technology licensed from RCA under the Canon name. (iv) Partnerships and joint venture relationships: despite Canons strong technological capability, it acknowledges that it has neither the resources nor the time to develop all the technologies needed for its products. This resulted in the development of strategic alliances and joint ventures in  Europe and in the US, with companies such as CPF Deutsch, Eastman Kodak and Texas Instruments. These relationships were not only sources of required technology, they also served as strategic tool for market development for the company’s products and for mitigating foreign trade tensions. (v) High quality, low cost manufacturing: Canon has a philosophy of producing quality products at the lowest cost. Strong emphasis is placed on inventory management, waste reduction, material and production planning. Continuous improvement in productivity was achieved through automation and innovative process improvement. The commonality of parts between adjacent copier models also contributed to low cost of manufacturing due to standardisation. High quality, low cost manufacturing combined with premium prices provide Canon with an opportunity to earn good margins. (vi) Highly motivated work-force: employees are held in high regard at Canon. This was applicable to both business unit managers as well as production line workers. The business unit managers were empowered to act as surrogate CEO of their units and to make quick business decisions. A number of initiatives were implemented to motivate production workers. These include the â€Å"stop and fix it† programme (which empowers any employee to stop the production line if he or she believes there is a quality problem), responsibility for maintenance of own machine and on-line feedback on quality and production targets. The level of motivation was reflected in the suggestion programme implemented by the company which resulted in more than 70 suggestions per employee per year, with a 90% implementation rate of suggestions offered. These resulted in significant corporate savings relative to the cost of the programme. (vii) Visionary leadership: the company’s president, Mr. Kaku, was a very effective and visionary leader. He introduced the diversification drive, corporate entrepreneurship and was very focused on the long term direction of the company. (viii) Suppliers relationship: the long-term relationship developed with suppliers enabled the company to outsource the manufacturing of over 80% of copier parts to suppliers. (ix) Long-term approach: Canon always takes a long term view when making management or strategic decisions. This was demonstrated for instance when the company developed the bubble jet printers which was capable of cannibalising its well established laser jet printer. This approach enabled a consistent and focused implementation of strategic choices rather than short term panic reaction to crisis and challenges. These resources and capabilities are extremely important for Canon’s competitive advantage over its competitors. Management of development and transfer of capabilities throughout the organisation As Canon grew into a multi-product, multinational corporation, the company’s management took the following steps to ensure the continued development and transfer of capabilities throughout the organisation: (i) Implementation of independent entrepreneurial business units: independent operating units were created for cameras, office equipment and optical instruments. The business units were empowered to act on their own but were given clear profitability targets and highly ambitious growth objectives. (ii) Functional committees: three functional committees were established by management to oversee the company-wide administration of new technology and product development, manufacturing and marketing. These committees were chaired by members of Canon’s management committee, which gives them the ability to ensure consistency and communicate improvements throughout the organisation and into the different business units. (iii) Development of a global information system: Canon developed the GINGA system to interconnect all parts of the organisation into a global database to facilitate the timely flow of information among managers in all the company’s locations around the world. Canon’s efficient vertical communications structure with a lateral one will facilitate direct information exchange among managers across businesses, countries, and functions1. Strategic perspective The strategic perspective of Canon has traditionally been inside-out orientated. The company had a product focus whereby it deploys its technological capabilities to develop a diverse range of products, which it then markets on the strength of its brand through a wide range of dealer network and direct sales channel. The advantage of this method for a company like Canon is that it is able to leverage its expertise to develop a wide range of unique products. The costs associated with such developments would relatively be lower as it leverages on existing capabilities. The experience gained in the use of the underlying technology should result in high quality products. There is however the potential danger that the company may be unaware of changing trends and requirements in the market and therefore be unable to respond swiftly, giving competitors an advantage. It would appear however that Canon’s strategy is not exclusively inside-out, but has some elements of market focus. The development of the personal copier market for instance was based on an identified need in the market, with a clear description of the features of the product that would meet the need. This was clearly base on an outside-in approach. In addition, one of the major reasons that Canon values its dealer network is because it enables that company to understand and respond to customers needs. Diversification into the computer industry Based on the capabilities of Canon in the early 1990s, the company should have a good chance of doing well if it focused on the computer industry for the following reasons: (i) The company has demonstrated a strong ability to develop new technological innovations on the back of its existing technologies. With its  expertise in electronics, optics, fine chemicals and semi-conductors, Canon has the potential to develop quality computer systems that will compete favourably in the market. (ii) Canon already has a well-established brand name in home and office automation products through its range of copiers, facsimiles, electronic typewriters, laser printers and word processing equipment. The company will probably succeed in linking these discrete products into a multifunctional system. With the quality associated with the brand, its strong dealer network and direct selling experience, the market is very likely to give such a system a chance. (iii) Canon has also demonstrated the ability to buy in technology through its strategic alliances. This capability, with its low cost, high quality manufacturing should enable Canon to develop competitive computer systems. Apart from computers, the company should consider products that can utilise the company’s existing technological capabilities and dealer networks, such as DVD, televisions and similar products. Is Canon successful? From a variety of perspectives, Canon can indeed be regarded as successful. It effectively damaged the dominance of Xerox over the copier market, developing its market shares during the period. It also successfully diversified from being a camera company into a multinational, multi product company offering a range of high quality products to its global customers. The Canon brand name is well respected across the globe. Financially, the company recorded consistent growth in sales and profits over the review period. A review of the company’s financial statements from 1998 to 2002 showed that Canon has continued to grow its turnover and net income. Conclusion and key learning points (i) Resource based approach: Canon’s success was largely driven by the  company’s ability to utilise its core competences to develop innovative products as a means of gaining competitive advantage. (ii) Continuous learning and innovation: Canon demonstrated the benefits of continuous learning. As it succeeded with the AE-1 camera, its researchers and engineers further developed new expertise in microelectronics (to produce the electronic calculator), the new process (for copiers), cartridge based technology (for the personal copier and later the desktop printer) etc. These enabled the company to diversify its range of products; which was one of the reasons for its growth and success. (iii) Strategic value of partnerships and joint ventures: Canon effectively used these for acquiring technologies, developing markets, mitigating foreign trade tensions and reducing costs. (iv) Corporate level strategy: as the company developed into a multi-product and multinational corporation, the corporate level strategy remained the vehicle through which the global organisation was managed and integrated. (v) Strong monopolies can be broken: with over 93% market share in the 1970s and a brand name that was synonymous with copying, it would appear that the positional advantage of Xerox was unassailable. Canon demonstrated that such monopolies (when not imposed by government) can be broken through the introduction of innovative and quality products. By introducing the personal copier, the company also demonstrated the potential impact of one firm to completely change an industry.

It has to be a article on english language learners Essay

It has to be a article on english language learners - Essay Example The article pointed to some literature about semantic processing between monolinguals and bilinguals and the assumption that bilinguals are as adept as monolinguals when it comes to conceptual processing of tasks such as picture naming. The study conducted an experiment by recruiting 31 English-speaking monolinguals and 31 Spanish English bilinguals from the University of San Diego. One hundred eighty pictures were shown to the participants to determine which group performed better at naming pictures. The method for interpreting the data used ANOVA analysis. The authors proposed that bilinguals primarily differ from monolinguals when they name pictures in their dominant language due to the â€Å"degree of experience that they have had with picture names particular to that language† ( p.8). Nevertheless, the study is not that conclusive since repetition and attenuation must be thoroughly considered in further experiments. In conclusion, the author’s ideas may be considered by early education teachers of the English language to bilingual students . This study can be helpful in understanding the learning needs of bilingual students specially those who belong to marginalized groups. There is no need for a change in policy but a better orientation for English teachers. I highly suggest that this study be a required reading for English teachers so that curriculum would be attuned to the needs of the learners. The second article is titled Assessing the Advantages of Bilingualism for the Children of Immigrants1 by Tanya Golash-Bolza. The article was published in the journal Internal Migration Review in 2005. The purpose of the study is to : â€Å" examine whether or not children of immigrants in the United States benefit from being bilingual. These analyses reveal whether there are costs to resisting linguistic assimilation or if it makes no difference at all so long as students attain English proficiency. More specifically, this study addresses whether

COURS WORK FOR INTERPERSONAL SKILLS MANAGEMENT Coursework - 1

COURS WORK FOR INTERPERSONAL SKILLS MANAGEMENT - Coursework Example Not only that, team performance and development are very important aspects of business, in terms of productivity, performance and profits. Thus, in the case of corporate activities, it is not only individual brilliance that matters but also the entire group endeavors, perhaps constituting a medley of capable, not so capable and average individuals who constitute the membership of team. Thus team leaders are responsible not only for their own performances but also achieving the performance and competency levels of individual constituents. While this is indeed a tall order, it does make sense when one considers that today’s business functions in a very competitive and aggressive environment wherein ultimate performance is of crucial importance in terms of market shares, productivity and profitability aided by teamwork. For the time beingâ€Å"It is concluded that management development as strategy has an important role to play in promoting organisational success, in developing individual and organisational effectiveness, and in differentiating the quality of a company and its people from competing organisations† (Buckley, 2011). Perhaps the most important skill would be that he should be able to inject leadership into the group- this does not mean that he should impose himself on others and be overbearing and autocratic, but it is necessary that he is able to draw forth the best work qualities of his team members through conviction, tact, discretion and diplomacy. Team members would not like to be forced into doing something- the initiative and drive for performing should come from within themselves and managers just guide and monitor their actions, putting in a word of praise or the need for improvement in certain areas for the team members. The basic qualities of leadership in terms of accepting responsibility, being hardworking and earnest oneself, able to back up the team in the event things go wrong, sincere, dedicated and